This paper has the purpose of thinking about the rejected child as a problem one according to Arthur Ramos point of view and the relationship with mental hygiene, civilization, family and school. All this was based on the period between 1934 and 1939 which the Ortofrenia and the Mental Hygiene of the Institute of Educational Research worked and was run by the doctor invited by Anísio Teixeira who was the Director of the Education Department of the General Department of Education and Culture of the Federal District at that time. Its aim was the organization of assignments based on prevention and correction, dealing and treating the possible psychic problems of the child at home and at school and his difficulties in learning, acting in the Public Primary Schools of the Federal District, more precisely in the Experimental Schools. Documented sources were used such as books concerning the subject, the leaflets of vulgarization addressed to the teachers and the family, all of them were the authorship of Arthur Ramos, besides the newspaper and magazine articles of great circulation in the country, investigations headed for the directors and teachers of the Experimental Schools, correspondences, studies carried out by the doctor, as well as files based on behavioral observation of the students from the referred schools that came from the S.O.H.M. This study tries to answer the following questions: What s the importance of Psychoanalysis and the School Mental Hygiene for the changing of the Brazilian society into a civilized one? Who was the rejected child considered as a problem one and how the School Mental Hygiene through Psychoanalysis contributed to change the misfit behavior and the difficulty in learning presented by them? How did the School Mental Hygiene contribute to guide the family and the school in relation to the problem child? As a way of reflecting all this, it was taken into consideration a historical approach developed through the conjunction of the analysis of the mentioned documents with the bibliographic content in a theoretical perspective based on Norbert Elias opinion about the civilized process, according to Sigmund Freud about the relationships among the individual and what he called civilization and the mental hygiene as a mean of treating neurosis as a result of the civilization, in order to understand Arthur Ramos concepts of these proceedings. It was noticed that in Ramos opinion, the basis for the country to become civilized and prepared for the progress was centered on the care with the child through School Mental Hygiene and the rules of Psychoanalysis, as well as the orientations dedicated to the family and the school, as to clarify the tragic consequences of a child s rejection.