The region of Guaratiba presents throughout its history, periods that mark different socioecological scenarios. After almost five centuries of occupation and consequent processes of landscape transformation, ecological scenarios slowly shifted into productive areas, residences and recent urban sprawl. This historical context becomes a key element in understanding local vulnerabilities and associated risks. Therefore, the research aims to map and analyze the vulnerability and socioecological risk in the study area, through the investigation of land use history and landscape transformation of the study area as well as to identify vulnerable areas and to classify socioecological risks. Three methodological steps were established: (1) the historical processes of land use and occupation in Guaratiba were analyzed through a literature review; (2) delimitation of Socioecological Landscape Units (SLU), in an attempt to understand the current levels of heterogeneity of the study area; and (3) modeling and classification of sociecological risks through systematization of geoprocessing techniques. This analysis led to the understanding of a socioecological classification of risks, recognizing that such events can only be understood from a human perspective before the pertinence of events that could hurt the exposed different groups. As a result of the spatial analysis, four of the six socioecological units of the landscape presented sites with risks: USEP 2, USEP 4, USEP 5 and USEP 6. In this areas suggest socioecological risks physical related to geomorphological and flood dynamics, and environmental health due to flood dynamics.