In December 2008, the European Parliament approved an agreement for 20% reduction in GHG emissions by 2020 with the biofuels accounting for 10% of the fuels used in transport. Therefore, if Brazil wants to become an ethanol supplier for this region, it is not enough to produce an efficient fuel for reducing GHG emissions. In order to be approved for consumption abroad, it must go through a certification process. In this dissertation we develop a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the energy consumption and the principal emissions of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O and CO2) associated with the ethanol produced from Brazilian sugarcane, taking into account all the inputs/outputs into and from the production cycle. The system analyzed includes the sugarcane sowing, the plantation handling, the harvesting, the industrial activities, and the ethanol distribution. Taking into account the conditions imposed by environmental, legal, and market aspects, that may represent constraints for the future certification of the Brazilian ethanol. The results indicate that: (i) The sugarcane sowing has the higher potential for the consumption of nonrenewable resources due to intensive use of pesticides and diesel. (ii) The harvesting generates the highest GHG emissions due to sugarcane burning. (iii) It was also concluded that the expansion of the sugarcane areas and the ethanol production did not directly affect food production and the Amazon deforestation.