This research aims at qualitative analysis of the experience of families of autistic children in their quest for a diagnosis and treatment in Rio de Janeiro. The treatment of autism, and the possibility of an early diagnosis, as the research shows, have been made legally possible in virtue of two different factors, to wit: (1) the emergence of a new conception of child as a bearer of rights, which was brought about through the Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Statute of the Child and the Adolescent, 1990), and (2) the passing of a new legislation for people with any form of mental disorder. Both factors have played a major role for the state recognition of children as authentic bearers of human rights, protected against any form of confinement within the walls of mental institutions. This research examines, then, some public policies for mental health, more specifically the official guidelines for the caretaking of autistic children. In spite of some recent advancement in the Brazilian legislation regarding children s care, most families do still have to face many serious hardships in the attempt to implement their social rights. Indeed, as the research shows, most families cannot yet obtain an early diagnosis of autism for their children. Moreover, hardly ever are the families in a position to obtain some clear information on the public institutions which are able to provide professional support, free treatment, and legal advice. Thus, the research shows the extent to which families still have to face difficulties which prevent them from obtaining adequate treatment for their children with autism.