This thesis is born from a challenge to the hegemonic conceptions in science and common sense about thinking about human health, problematizing its influence on public health practices and popular organization for the protection of life, pointing to an alternative to Health Surveillance as an action of State biopolitics for the control and standardization of bodies: the Popular Health Surveillance, a spatial practice for human emancipation, a becoming in which subaltern groups appropriate biopower mechanisms for sovereignty over their bodies. The methodological orientation is based on the historical-dialectical materialism in the understanding of the real in movement and its theoretical-critical development indicating that: a) Health Surveillance is an instrument of biopower for the maintenance of social hegemony and has its scope of action limited, making it impossible to solve health and social crises that make human lives precarious in an unequal way. b) The analyzed experiences are counter-hegemonic strategies through spatial practices of social actors in different Brazilian realities, which associated scientific knowledge with the various popular knowledge in the construction of actions to confront the processes of human illness. c) A theoretical and practical trajectory was built through the relationship between society and nature, in the historicity of the physical condition of the body and the socio-spatial determination of health, to then glimpse the realization of emancipatory spatial practices of Popular Health Surveillance. This thesis is an analysis of an alternative to the modern state, a reflection on spatial practices for human emancipation, a contribution to the theoretical debate and the action of subaltern groups in the search for the transition to a society based on social justice.