This study aimed to understand how the ontogeny of cognitive functions during the period from birth to early adolescence. From the perspective of neuroscience and cognitive neuropsychology, issues such as biological and environmental influences, brain maturation and learning processes, as neuroanatomical bases and neural circuits will be discussed. Emphasis will be given to the most important milestones in the typical development of the main cognitive functions such as sensation, perception, attention, memory, language, visual-constructive skills and executive functions.