This study dissertation sought to address a reading of Brazil - in his past and present - limited to the political and social context of the 1920s and 1930s, recognized as period of formation of the own field of the history of Brazil. The moment that defined the history, whether science or art, and historians, the figure of the committed intellectual, policy and public man of letters opened a dispute space by promoting a speech. It is in this space that is part Oliveira Vianna, intellectual in the broadest sense of the word that made history his argumentative way to think politics and Brazilian society. For so many years personified under numerous monikers, he tried to rescue here not so much own Oliveira Vianna, but Brazil born from his thought and define the actual scope of his ideas.