The current dissertation tries to comprehend the critical political dynamics, social struggles and economic process that shaped Bolivian history in the past two decades. More specifically, it presents a historical study aiming to show which actors and projects constitute themselves as the most significant in this Andean country. The conflicts for hegemony between the representatives of Neoliberalism, on one side, and social movements – specially the indigenous movement – on the other, are placed in a socio-political contextualization, and investigated from a theoretical standpoint that combines elements of the Marxist tradition with the current critical strands of International Relations theory, in special the so-called neo-gramscian approach. Departing from the analysis of the hydrocarbon nationalization process led by Evo Morales government in 2006, a discussion on the possibilities of the transcendence of the neoliberal paradigm is presented, taking in account the apparent paradox of a country which is rich in natural resources, but also one that has extreme poverty – specially among the indigenous majority of the population – because its elite s greediness for wealth, in a subordinated association with transnational capital. The up s and down s of neoliberal projects – in function of the resistance led by organized popular sectors – are analyzed in a way as to suggest tendencies on the political configurations in early 21th century Latin America, both domestically and internationally.