In recent decades, the rare-earth elements (REEs) demand has considerably grown because of its strategic importance. REEs are widely used in different high-tech sectors such as nuclear power, metallurgy, medicine, chemical engineering, electronics and computer manufacturing. Among REEs, is Neodymium, which is one of the most valuable metals used in alloys, electronic components and optical filters. The need for the high purity of these species requires selective separation, between the available methods, adsorption has earned greater attention due to its simplicity, high efficiency and low cost. The removal of metal ions is a complex task due to the high cost of treatment methods. Contributed to the intensification of research for low-cost adsorbent materials, reusable alternatives were added to the adsorption process. In this work was evaluated the clay mineral palygorskite as a sorbent potential for Nd (III) removal from aqueous solutions by batch trials. For this purpose, the sample from Guadalupe (Piauí) was benefited and the composition of the chemical and mineralogical was studied in order to use the sample with the highest purity in the adsorptive process. The samples were found to be essentially composed of palygorskite, kaolinite, quartz and diaspore. The chemical composition presents oxide contents, the main ones being SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO, corroborating the presence of palygorskite in the sample. Zeta Potential studies point out that the clay mineral has a negative surface charge in the whole pH range, in addition, the high surface area of 118.43 square meter per gram justifies the cation adsorber application. Different types of adsorption isotherms and kinetics models were used to describe the behavior of Nd (III) in adsorption and the best experimental results set refer to the Langmuir model and pseudo second order model, respectively, with the maximum uptake capacity was 15.39 mg/L evaluated at pH 5. Adsorption was found as an endothermic and spontaneous process ( delta H equal 17.12 KJ/mol; delta G equal -26.3 KJ/mol) in relation to thermodynamic parameters obtained. Overall results suggest that this adsorbent has been shown to be a potential sorbent for enrichment and separation of Nd (III) from aqueous solutions.