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Título: ELECTROANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FUNGICIDES OF THE STROBILURIN CLASS USING THE BISMUTH FILM ELECTRODE AND THE BORON-DOPED DIAMOND
Autor: RAFAEL MACHADO DORNELLAS
Instituição: PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO - PUC-RIO
Colaborador(es):  RICARDO QUEIROZ AUCELIO - ADVISOR
Nº do Conteudo: 56213
Catalogação:  29/11/2021 Idioma(s):  PORTUGUESE - BRAZIL
Tipo:  TEXT Subtipo:  THESIS
Natureza:  SCHOLARLY PUBLICATION
Nota:  Todos os dados constantes dos documentos são de inteira responsabilidade de seus autores. Os dados utilizados nas descrições dos documentos estão em conformidade com os sistemas da administração da PUC-Rio.
Referência [pt]:  https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/colecao.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=56213@1
Referência [en]:  https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/colecao.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=56213@2
Referência DOI:  https://doi.org/10.17771/PUCRio.acad.56213

Resumo:
The monitoring of pesticide residues is extremely important and this is accomplished by the use of methods to assess their presence in environmental compartments and in food stuff contaminated with these agents. The pesticides of the strobilurin class have become the most widely used for fungi control and despite the low toxicity and rapid degradation, studies should be conducted to ascertain the level of human exposure to such substances. Studies with the strobilurin pesticides (azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin) were performed by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry (SWV) using the boron-doped diamond (BDD). Results indicated two oxidation peaks (anodic scan) at different potentials. Based on experimental data and literature it is assumed that for kresoxim-methyl and dimoxystrobin the first oxidation peak comes from an irreversible mechanism involvieng 2 moles of electrons per mole of analyte while the second oxidation peak is from a quasi-reversible mechanism. For picoxystrobin, the two oxidation peaks are from irreversible processes involving 2 moles of electrons per mole of analyte. For pyraclostrobin, the two oxidation peaks are from quasi-reversible processes. SWV methods were developed for determination of kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin using the BDD. The anodic scans were made between: +1000 to +1750 mV (measured signal at +1420 mV) for kresoxim-methyl; +1100 to +1800 mV (measured signal at +1450 mV) for picoxystrobin and +1050 to +2100 mV (measured signal at +1280 mV) for pyraclostrobin. The supporting electrolyte was acetate buffer (0.05 mol L-1, pH 4.0) for the determination of kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin and Britton-Robinson buffer (0.04 mol L-1, pH 2.0) to picoxystrobin. Linear analytical response to kresoxim-methyl was the limit of quantification, LOQ (0.9 μmol L-1 or 0.27 mg L-1) to 34.0 μmol L-1 with R2> 0.999. For picoxystrobin the linear range was from LOQ (0.7 μmol L-1 or 0.25 mg L-1) to 20.0 μmol L-1 (R2> 0.994). Pyraclostrobin presented linear range from LOQ (0.8 μmol L-1 and 0.32 mg L-1) to 20.0 μmol L-1 (R2> 0.991). The methods were applied in the analysis of grape juice samples (kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin) and in natural waters (picoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin). The recoveries ranged from 91.6 to 105.3 percent depending on the strobilurin. The results obtained with the proposed methods were compared with the ones achieved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicating no significant difference between them. Commercial grape juice samples were fortified at the maximum concentration allowed legislation and the analytes were pre-concentrated (tenfold) by solid phase extraction (SPE) in a C18 cartridge analyte Recoveries were between 95.4 to 99.5 percent depending on the strobilurin. Experimental data indicate that no significant thermal degradation occurred for strobilurins in solutions heated at 60 °C for 2 h. It was not possible to propose a simple kinetic profile for the UV degradation of kresoxim-methyl. However, for picoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, a second-order kinetic model explains their degradation profile. Methods using batch injection analysis (BIA) with amperometric detection on a BDD electrode have also been developed for the determination of picoxystrobin and dimoxystrobin in natural waters. The methods showed an analytical frequency of 180 injections h-1 (dimoxystrobin) and 108 injections h-1 (picoxystrobin) and satisfactory precision (less than 5 percent). Linear analytical response for dimoxystrobin was from 1.3 μmol L-1 (0.41 mg L-1) to 60.0 μmol L-1 with R2> 0.999 while for picoxystrobin, the range was from 5.3 μmol L-1 (1.95 mg L-1) to 100.0 μmol L-1 (R2> 0.999). Recoveries achieved for analyte fortified water samples were between 80.2 and 105.6 percent depending on the analyte. In addition, a simple strategy to detect the presence of interfering molecules in water samples, based on multiple pulse amperometry, was successfully introduced. A stripping anodic differential pulse voltammetric method using the bismuth film electrode was developed for the determination picoxystrobin in urine samples and in natural waters. The measurement cycle started with the application of a deposition potential of -700 mV for 60 s for the in situ formation of the Bi film and for the accumulation of analyte. The potential was scanned in the anodic direction between +790 and +1050 mV. It has been proven that, under the conditions employed, a significant amount of Bi film is still present on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode after anodic sweep, with a speed of 40 mV s-1. The presence of Bi is essential for the accumulation and oxidation of picoxystrobin (maximum peak at +954 mV) during stripping. The supporting electrolyte was HCl 1.0 mol L-1. A cleaning procedure was developed to minimize the memory effect. Analytical linear response was observed for picoxystrobin from 2.8 μmol L-1 (1.0 mg L-1) to 19.0 μmol L-1 (R2> 0.994). SPE allowed the pre-concentration of the analyte and elimination of interferences from urine samples. Recoveries from 89.3 to 104.8 percent were found. Interference of other strobilurin the method were evaluated. The proposed method was compared with HPLC and the results indicate no significant difference between them.

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