Oil and gas (OeG) activities continue to grow across the globe. Some people view the OeG industry as focused on profits with little concern for the environment, opposed to the concept of sustainability. However, demand for petroleum products continued to increase, and OeG continue to be the most widely used fuels. As energy demand continues to grow, petroleum companies must find and produce increasing quantities of OeG. But doing so, requires more than merely ramping up production from traditional sources. As nearby, relatively easy-to-produce resources diminish, new sources and locations are being developed in Brazil. The recent discovery in the pre-salt layer demonstrates the significant potential found, representing a new exploratory frontier in the country. OeG exploration today require the simultaneous consideration of a variety of economic, social, political, and environmental concerns. Historically, many foreign-operators started to invest in Brazil after the government opened the sector to competition. Increased drilling activity in Brazil both results in an increased amount of waste generated and sent onshore, air emission and water discharges. Once generated, managing these wastes in a manner that protects health and the environment will be essential for limiting operators legal and financial liabilities, therefore operators will have to manage the waste properly and consistent with all relevant laws and regulations in order to overcome the challenges of the increase of activities in this dynamic industry.