This dissertation deals with the Airport Check-in Counter Allocation Problem (ACCAP). The check-in process is one of the most problematic airport services. Inefficient check-in processes propagate problems as a bullwhip effect being the basis for low quality service levels. Moreover, check-in counters usually occupy a considerable area in airports affecting concession revenues. An efficient check-in process may therefore contribute to reduce airport costs and increase service level. This work presents a new methodology to optimize the ACCAP that combines optimization and simulation. The objective is to determine the optimal number, schedule and location of check-in counters assigned to departing flights, such that operational costs are minimized and a given service level is ensured. The methodology is composed of three steps. Step 1 uses optimization models to determine the optimal number of desks. Step 2 uses simulation to assess if the results obtained in Step 1 meet the service level. Step 3 uses an optimization model to enforce an adjacent constraint for dedicated check-in systems. For Step 1 it is developed two new optimization models for common and dedicated check-in systems that include constraints regarding the utilization factor concept of queue theory, and the fluctuation in the passenger arrival rate. Step 2 uses standard simulation methods and Step 3 uses models existing in literature. The methodology is tested in a real sample to show its reliability and accuracy. Then, it is applied to a case study in a busiest airport. The results demonstrate the positive performance of the process considering the trade-off between operational costs and a given service level. Also, a maximum waiting time of thirty minutes is obtained and it is incorporated to the overall service level.