In the Brazilian empirical context, this thesis investigates the impact of extreme weather events on three key dimensions of development: health, gender-based violence, and education, focusing on how climate change exacerbates existing inequalities by disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. The first chapter examines the relationship between heat and mortality, showing that while heat-related mortality among non-elderly individuals is primarily caused by cardio-respiratory diseases, for the elderly, the risk of death extends across a wider range of health conditions. Additionally, the findings indicate that heat-related deaths occur within a short time span, highlighting the need for rapid healthcare responses during heat waves. The second chapter explores the effects of drought on intimate partner violence (IPV), comparing rural and urban areas. The results reveal that long-term droughts significantly increase IPV rates in rural municipalities, where economic losses resulting from water scarcity are substantial. In contrast, prolonged droughts in urban areas have minor economic impacts and do not affect IPV rates. The third chapter investigates the short-term impact of extreme rainfall on student achievement in Southern Brazil. The findings show that short, intense rainfall episodes reduce student test scores on a national standardized exams, with disadvantaged groups - such as non-white students, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and students with previous poor achievement - being the most affected.