This research focuses on the conceptions of Biological Sciences teachers regarding issues involving gender and sexuality, set against the backdrop of the rise of new Brazilian conservatism over the past few decades. The defense of religious values and traditional family structures is one of the main hallmarks of new conservatism in Brazil, with significant involvement from evangelical leadership. Thus, we investigated the conceptions of undergraduate students in the Biological Sciences program at the Faculty of Teacher Training at the State University of Rio de Janeiro, located in São Gonçalo, a municipality with a strong presence of evangelical churches. We administered a questionnaire to participants with questions about topics such as abortion, homosexuality, gender roles, transgender issues, and education. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with a portion of the sample, which were recorded and transcribed to deepen the analysis of their conceptions. From a Human Rights Education perspective and utilizing theoretical frameworks on the subject, we found that conservative thinking is present not only among individuals of evangelical faith but also among individuals of other religions and those with no religious affiliation. We also found that the majority of the undergraduate students hold progressive views regarding gender and sexuality, consistent with Human Rights Education; however, they reported that teacher training could better assist them in understanding gender and sexuality issues. We conclude that, although the local context of the university may exhibit characteristics more aligned with conservative values, it is possible that the teachers trained there may be more aligned with pluralistic and anti-discriminatory educational proposals.