The interest in using textile reinforcements for concrete has grown increasingly in recent decades. Carbon textiles, in particular, exhibit excellent mechanical properties and durability, being an interesting alternative in applications such as Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). Nevertheless, carbon fibers exhibit brittle failure and poor bonding with cementitious matrices. This work aims to investigate the influence of alternative polymeric coatings, namely a water-based epoxy (WBEP), and a thermoplastic resin (THRM), and an ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) matrix on the mechanical and structural behavior of carbon TRC. The use of polymeric coatings is a well-established method to improve the bond of carbon fabrics with cementitious matrices. Contact angle tests were performed to understand the influence of the different coatings on the hydrophobicity of the carbon yarns, while three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate the stiffness conferred by the WBEP and THRM coatings in comparison with commercially available carbon fabrics coated with epoxy (EPXY) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Direct tensile tests were performed to assess the mechanical performance of the TRC composites with the WBEP and THRM coatings. Additionally, the tensile behavior of epoxy-coated textiles embedded in a UHPC matrix was investigated. The results indicate that both the WBEP and THRM coatings exhibit mechanical properties comparable to EPXY. The incorporation of dispersed steel fibers into the matrix contributes to enhancing the ductility of the composites. The composites with the UHPC matrix showed enhanced mechanical performance compared to those with the fine-grained concrete matrix. The specimens presented a higher first crack strength, smaller cracks, and no spalling. At the structural level, carbon TRC I-section beams with the aforementioned variables were tested under four-point bending tests. The results demonstrated the suitability of the WBEP and THRM coatings for use in TRC structural elements, with WBEP presenting a better overall structural performance. The UHPC matrix also improved the load-bearing capacity, durability, and user safety, with no spalling detected. These findings contribute to the development of more durable and sustainable TRC structures, potentially expanding the range of applications of this versatile material.