The objective of this thesis is to investigate the methodological cornerstones of archaeology in Michel Foucault, according to elements of structuralism. Aiming to contribute to the debate on archaeological methodology, the problem of materiality of knowledge was chosen, both in the dimension of the relationship between discursive and economic formations, as well as in the realm of the materiality of discourse. Thus, the works investigated date from the beginning of his thinking, starting in Maladie mentale et personnalité (1954) and Mental Illness and Psychology (1962), Madness and Civilization (1961) e The Birth of the Clinic (1963), and finally creating a balance with some of his notes in The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969). The path of research analyzing each one of them is justified by the absence of a pre-determined archaeological method, but which is modeled through the analysis of each object in particular. The analysis is developed in a philosophical perspective, beginning with a presentation of the analytical principles of structuralism through linguistics (Saussure and Hjelmslev) and semiology (Barthes) for the construction of a theoretical basis. Furthermore, the analytical bases of structuralism are organized in a panorama of problems and instruments used by French thinkers of the 1968 generation, as presented by Deleuze. Investigating methodology in Foucauldian works, this thesis contributes to elucidating the theoretical fundaments of Foucault s archaeology through three components: 1 – the element, which can be understood as discourse, enuntiative, or sign-function; 2 – the system, which can be understood as history, discourse formations or archive; 3 – structural causality, which can be understood as a descriptive set of the conditions of possibility, the archaeological object. Throughout this analysis, the approach to the problem of materiality of knowledge shows that the present contribution aims to advance understanding on the incidence of non-discursive formations in the constitution of knowledges (systemic level), of the relationship between these formations and discursive formations (level of causality), and of the materiality of sign-function, enuntiative and discourse (elementary level).