The creation of the Mais Médicos Program (PMM), through Law 12.871, in 2013, is part of a set of actions aimed at improving the service of the Unique Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde-SUS), given the difficulty of providing a service which responds to the demands of the Brazilian population throughout the national territory. Inequalities among Brazilian municipalities, in terms of their capacity to collect their own income, often require the action of the Federal Government in financing, coordinating and evaluating social policies in the country. The research sought to evaluate the implementation of the PMM in the country from the perspective of a cooperative federalism, highlighting the formulation stage under the responsibility of the Federal Government, and the implementation stage involving local governments. The main results are that PMM represents an innovative public policy, stimulating the presence of Brazilian and foreign doctors in small and medium-sized municipalities, but also concerned with their training in higher education institutions and with the municipal health infrastructure. The program was formulated on a centralized basis by the Federal Government, without states and local governments participation, and is implemented in a decentralized way by local governments. However, in several small municipalities this form of implementation did not result as desired. They had a poor-quality infrastructure that triggered the high turnover of doctors, thus causing greater financial expenses. The lack of an adequate space, at the initial stage, to incorporate other actors in the discussion and disclosure of the PMM, ended up provoking misinformation and critiques from different government sectors and Brazilian society. Although it was achieved a greater adherence of Brazilian physicians over time, the most vulnerable municipalities continued to have a low number of filled vacancies, and the permanence of these doctors who decided to participate was of only a few months. The present dissertation reveals the importance of the continuity and improvement of the PMM in the coming years.