Since the 1970s, studies of school effectiveness began to look into the school with the intent to understand, in any social context, the school characteristics that affect the students academic performance. The research find a set of factors that influence learning, letting students with a better academic results than expected. In other words, schools that have a specific set of characteristics that make the students with good results in educational assessments. From the Brazilian literature on school effectiveness which indicates that both the school resources as well as the school organization and management impacts the student performance, this study investigates the school characteristics on the distribution of infrastructure and pedagogic management of elementary schools, as well as the main factors in students proficiency in the elementary school for math and reading of Project Geres students. We chose to investigate only those students who have proficiency in all tests (waves), because these students were under the same conditions of infrastructure and pedagogic management over the four years of research. The longitudinal design allows us to analyze the data year-by-year. We found that the school characteristic distribution is unequal across school systems, cities and students socioeconomic levels. Moreover, the result shows that some school characteristics are more important at certain school year and its impact is greater for math than reading.