This work presents an experimental study of the behavior of rockfills, focusing on the changes caused by rock alteration on the physical and mechanical characteristics, such as, lithology, gradation, deformability and strength. The basalt rockfill used in the construction of Marimbondo dam has been considered, with about 25 years of in situ alteration, together with intact basalts samples from Rio Grande quarry, which is located about 500m downstream from the dam site. The experimental results were also compared with data from tests on granite rockfill samples from Serra da Mesa dam. A methodology is proposed for evaluating the alterability of rockfills, based on laboratory tests on intact and alterated samples. Procedures for fast rock alteration in the laboratory were also developed, attempting to simulate the naturally slow alteration which occurs in the field. The laboratory alteration made use of both continuous leaching and wetting-drying cycles on intact basalt samples. The leaching was imposed in a large scale soxhlet equipment developed in the geotechnical laboratory at PUC-Rio. For the characterization of the geomechanical behavior of the rockfill masses, large scale equipments have been used, such as an confined compression chamber, triaxial compression machine and direct shear box. The results indicate that the intrinsic characteristics play an important role on the rockfill behavior. Furthermore, basalt alteration occurring in the field or in the laboratory may cause a significant decrease on the rockfills stiffness and strength parameters, as well as na increase on the abrasion characteristics of rockfills particles. This study also indicates that leaching in large scale equipment is a proper way to simulate the basalts natural alteration in accelerated laboratory conditions, making possible the long time prevision of the behavior of rockfills. Considering a time period of 75 years of natural alteration in the field, this work presents a quantitative prediction of Marimbondos rockfill behavior in terms of particle breakage, abrasion resistance, compressibility modulus M, deformability modulus E, unconfined strength qu and strength envelope parameters.