The Brazilian military dictatorship, most notably following 1968, urged an advance in its offensive against indigenous peoples, particularly those who inhabited regions of the Legal Amazon, placing the territories of many in the sights of contractors and mining, logging, and agricultural enterprises, in addition to the State itself. During this same period however, a range of discussions dominated, concerning the idea of self-determination and the need to protect not only the physical existence of indigenous peoples, but also their cultural and symbolic existences, including their rights to their lands. Social scientists, principally anthropologists, participated within this debate, as well as religious missionaries affiliated with Liberation Theology. It was within this context that the first assemblies of indigenous chiefs began to be organized by the Conselho Indigenista Missionário (CIMI) from 1974 onward. This thesis, thus, seeks to analyze the set of initiatives and organizations that were declared in that moment, becoming what was called the Brazilian indigenous movement. For this reason, it was necessary to investigate to what extent the idea of an indigenous movement from within this period makes sense, based on a dialogue with social movement theorists. It is proposed that envisioning an indigenous movement in this context is plausible, in so far as it is conceived as a set of networks that also includes non-indigenous people, although with the established goal of building an indigenous leadership. Furthermore, within the discussion of indigenous politics, it is important to situate it as an eminently diplomatic action that incorporates the relationship between different worlds – the human and the non-human. It is, therefore, a cosmopolitics. Two concepts respectively are useful conceptualizations in understanding the política indigenista of the State and the indigenous politics carried out – although not exclusively – by the indigenous movement from the 1970s. These are the concepts of política indigenista da pax colonial and cosmopolítica da paz provisória. These concepts are useful within the analysis of several processes that concern the Brazilian indigenous movement: the meeting of the first assemblies, the fight against the Emancipation Decree, the presence of indigenous leaders in international events, the construction of the Union of Indigenous Nations (UNI), the participation in institutional politics and the struggle in the Constituent Assembly of 1987/88, for example. To this end, a wide range of documentary sources have been analyzed, according to Social History and Anthropology. Thus, the main goal of this work is to understand the dynamics, power struggles and narrative disputes, mediation strategies and diplomacy between worlds that led to the confrontation between the política indigenista da pax colonial and the cosmopolítica da paz provisória, the conquests of the latter (materialized in the 1988 Constitution), as well as the permanencies of the former, with its echoes resonating to the present day.