A real amplifier exhibits a dead zone and saturation in its input-output relation. The dead zone means that there is an interval of input values that yield a null output. The saturation means that for magnitudes of the input higher than a certain value the output is constant. It is the case of an amplifier with dead zone and saturation, characterized by the graphic and the analytic expression that follow. Observe that the graphic is a piecewise linearized.

               

y(t)=\left\{\begin{matrix} 0;\, \left\| x(t)\right\| \textless{} \beta \\ \alpha \, x(t);\, \beta \, \textless{} \left\|x(t) \right\| \textless{} \gamma \\ \gamma ;\, \gamma \textless{} \left\|x(t\, \right\|\end{matrix}\right.

The simulation is performed using as the input function a sinusoid, x(t)=A\, sen(\omega \, t) , where \omega = 2 \pi f .

It is necessary to choose A , f and both the initial and the final times of the simulation.

A =    f =

\:Inicial \:time = s, \: \geq 0.

\:Final \:time = s, \: \leq 50.

For the ideal amplifier, the values of the dead zone and the saturation must be chose, \beta and the saturation \gamma , and the slope of the straight line, \alpha .

\alpha = 0 \: \textless{} \alpha \: \leq 5.

\beta = 0 \: \textless{} \: \beta \: \leq \gamma.

\gamma = 0 \: \textless{} \gamma \: \leq 9.